Developing high-quality backlinks is one of the most difficult SEO challenges. While seasoned marketers may encounter problems such as low-value links, spamming tactics, or excessive expenditure on purchased backlinks that don’t produce long-lasting benefits, beginners frequently struggle to get their sites discovered by search engines. In any case, it may damage your website’s reputation and hinder its ability to rank well.
These days, social bookmarking is one of the most dependable methods for creating backlinks. Instead of simply bookmarking your favorite websites on your browser, you can use this method to save, organize, and share them online. You may increase site authority, increase traffic, and improve online visibility by having people find and share these web-based bookmarks.
We’ve compiled a useful list of social bookmarking sites in this post to help you connect with the correct audience, improve your SEO strategy, and advertise your website or blog.
What is Social Bookmarking?
Social bookmarking websites are online platforms that allow users to save, organize, and distribute links to their favorite websites or online content. These services enable users to remember key pages, much like digital bookmarks. Popular Free Social bookmarking sites include Medium, Diigo, and Tumbler.
They enable users to find new material by clicking on links that others have posted. In addition to increasing website traffic, social bookmarking backlinking helps businesses boost their website’s search engine optimization. While categories aid in the systematic arrangement and display of the discovered links, tags facilitate future searches and access to stored links.
Benefits of Using Social Bookmarking Sites
- Improved Traffic to the Website: When you save and share your website links on social bookmarking sites, you can have more people discover what you have to say. This attracts specific traffic to your site, boosting local traffic and customer numbers.
- Better Search Engine Indexing -The social bookmarking links aid the search engine, such as Google, in locating and indexing your web pages in less time, which can enhance your search engine’s rank.
- Domain Authority Growth: Posting quality content in popular social bookmarking sites generates high-quality backlinks, even though this increases the authority of your site with search engines.
- Enhanced Web Presence – The more your links are shared and bookmarked on social sites, the better your online visibility will be, and the stronger your brand name will be built.
- Connecting with the Target Audience-Social bookmarking sites enable you to meet prospective participants of your niche. Tagging content and becoming a member of a community puts you in front of the right group of people, which builds trust and credibility.
How to Use Social Bookmarking Sites Effectively?

Social bookmarking sites can offer a lot of benefits to SEO and digital marketing, but it is essential to use them properly. Here are some simple tips:
- Post Content regularly – It is important to always share good and useful content that is informative and interesting on bookmarking sites. Good content will provide more clicks, shares, and specified local traffic to your site.
- Label Relevant Tags and Categories – Sort your bookmarks with the help of the appropriate tags and categories. This makes it easier to find your content to the users and enhances the visibility of the search engines to the particular topics you are addressing.
- Interact with the Other Users – Do not simply post links. Post likes, comments, and shares of other bookmarks of users. Interacting with the community will expose you and create a reputation as a trusted source.
- Always Be Consistent with Submissions- Submit regularly so that your profile is still active and search engines pick up your links. Stability also makes your audience trust your brand in the long run.
- Select Reliable and DA/PA Sites – Only consider those social bookmarking sites with a good domain authority (DA) and page authority (PA). Connections with reputable sites are more effective in terms of SEO and the credibility of your site.
Understanding Social Bookmarking Metrics: Why PR, DA, PA, SS Matter
While talking about SEO game, the social bookmarking is not just about posting links — it’s about quality over quantity. Here’s what you should consider and why:
- PR (PageRank): As you know not all the links are equal— some pass more authority than others. High PR site define your quality of link. So avoid low quality backlinks.
- DA (Domain Authority): As you know that DA helps you measure the overall strength and trust of a site where you are going to create a link. Posting on a high DA site means your backlink is more trustworthy.
- PA (Page Authority): A high PA means the page itself carries authority and can pass stronger link juice to your site.
- SS (Spam Score): Bookmarking on spammy sites can lead to penalties or lower rankings.
DoFollow Vs. NoFollow Social Bookmarking Sites
When considering social bookmarking sites as tools in SEO, the thing is that DoFollow and NoFollow links are mainly different.
What Are DoFollow Links?
DoFollow links may be defined as that they are the links, which transfer the SEO value of the bookmarking site to your site.
These links help in bettering your search engine rankings and also enhance your domain authority. By posting your site in DoFollow social bookmarking sites, you are informing Google that your contents are valued and authentic.
What Are NoFollow Links?
NoFollows may be defined as that they not transfer any SEO power to your site. They are primarily helpful to move the traffic and bring the brand to the title but they do not affect the ranking in search engines significantly.
If you want to get the best possible results, the combination of DoFollow and NoFollow links should be used. DoFollow links help in the increase of your SEO, whereas NoFollow links promote interaction and local attraction.
In a simple way it means that you will get relevant backlinks on your site and stable traffic. Emphasize trusted and high-authority social bookmarking sites, and use both DoFollow and NoFollow links to reinforce your online presence and improve your performance in the local SEO.
How We Curated These Sites
We’ve compiled this list of top social bookmarking sites with careful consideration of SEO needs. These sites can be beneficial if you’re looking to improve the SEO and drive real traffic to your website.
Know how we selected these sites:
- Checked Domain Authority (DA): Our list only includes sites with high domain authority. That means more value for your backlinks.
- Active and Working Sites: We’ve checked each site to ensure it’s working correctly in 2025, so there will be no dead links.
- DoFollow & NoFollow Mix: We’ve included a balanced mix of both types to ensure your backlink profile appears natural in search engines. You will not be penalized for using these sites.
- Faster Google Indexing: These sites are regularly crawled by search engines, which helps your content get indexed quickly.
- Free to Use: All the sites listed here are free — no hidden charges or forced paid plans. We do not charge for this date. Anyone can download and use these sites free of cost.
- Wider Audience Reach: These bookmarking sites have a global as well as an Indian user base, so your content gets higher visibility.
So whether you’re a blogger, digital marketer, or small business owner, these sites will help you grow your presence online in free of cost.
180+ High DA & DR Social Bookmarking Sites for Quality Backlink
| Sr. No. | Website | DR | DA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | pinterest.com | 97 | 94 |
| 2 | hatena.ne.jp | 93 | 94 |
| 3 | scoop.it | 86 | 92 |
| 4 | digg.com | 92 | 92 |
| 5 | reddit.com | 95 | 92 |
| 6 | tumblr.com | 94 | 77 |
| 7 | flipboard.com | 89 | 91 |
| 8 | diigo.com | 86 | 91 |
| 9 | mix.com | 91 | 71 |
| 10 | metafilter.com | 77 | 86 |
| 11 | share.bizsugar.com | 69 | 52 |
| 12 | bibsonomy.org | 73 | 57 |
| 13 | designfloat.com | 66 | 51 |
| 14 | marketmystique.com | 59 | 21 |
| 15 | pusha.se | 62 | 49 |
| 16 | folkd.com | 79 | 80 |
| 17 | blogmarks.net | 75 | 55 |
| 18 | video-bookmark.com | 70 | 52 |
| 19 | sitejot.com | 70 | 67 |
| 20 | slashdot.org | 88 | 91 |
| 21 | fark.com | 77 | 74 |
| 22 | blogengage.com | 55 | 69 |
| 23 | growthhackers.com | 78 | 65 |
| 24 | myvidster.com | 71 | 70 |
| 25 | techspy.com | 50 | 42 |
| 26 | 10lance.com | 47 | 37 |
| 27 | sociopost.com | 39 | 36 |
| 28 | mybookmarks.com | 33 | 42 |
| 29 | linkarena.com | 72 | 43 |
| 30 | akonter.com | 62 | 46 |
| 31 | netvouz.com | 72 | 46 |
| 32 | yoomark.com | 63 | 50 |
| 33 | startaid.com | 33 | 41 |
| 34 | blokube.com | 41 | 64 |
| 35 | highdabookmarking.com | 27 | 34 |
| 36 | bookmarktou.com | 21 | 40 |
| 37 | design-buzz.com | 38 | 40 |
| 38 | getsocialpr.com | 54 | 74 |
| 39 | 4mark.net | 72 | 52 |
| 40 | perl.ipt.pw | 59 | 44 |
| 41 | bookmark4you.com | 47 | 42 |
| 42 | bookmarkingbase.com | 38 | 40 |
| 43 | dotnetkicks.com | 58 | 38 |
| 44 | ezyspot.com | 26 | 58 |
| 45 | skloog.com | 19 | 34 |
| 46 | pligg.samweber.biz | 38 | 35 |
| 47 | bookmark-template.com | 57 | 73 |
| 48 | bookmarkingpage.com | 41 | 32 |
| 49 | bookmarkrange.com | 50 | 72 |
| 50 | bookmarkbirth.com | 55 | 72 |
| 51 | bookmarkport.com | 57 | 73 |
| 52 | lymelightwebs.net | 19 | 32 |
| 53 | addthismark.com | 30 | 35 |
| 54 | urlsuggest.com | 10 | 33 |
| 55 | openfaves.com | 39 | 35 |
| 56 | tezbookmarking.com | 25 | 37 |
| 57 | worldranklist.com | 36 | 40 |
| 58 | goldenmidas.net | 33 | 37 |
| 59 | buysmartprice.com | 41 | 28 |
| 60 | bookmarkextent.com | 53 | 72 |
| 61 | pligglist.com | 11 | 22 |
| 62 | newsocialbooks.com | 44 | 23 |
| 63 | bookmarkgolden.com | 6 | 19 |
| 64 | bookmarkja.com | 50 | 71 |
| 65 | linqto.me | 68 | 46 |
| 66 | socialnetworkadsinfo.com | 53 | 73 |
| 67 | cloudytags.com | 23 | 34 |
| 68 | coolpot.com | 31 | 29 |
| 69 | bookmarkbay.com | 24 | 32 |
| 70 | wirefan.com | 35 | 32 |
| 71 | tutpub.com | 45 | 25 |
| 72 | dosplash.com | 26 | 24 |
| 73 | pinbackbuttonfinder.com | 9 | 26 |
| 74 | dekut.com | 18 | 30 |
| 75 | mybookmarkingblog.com | 7 | 18 |
| 76 | bookmarkfeeds.com | 42 | 29 |
| 77 | socialrus.com | 53 | 73 |
| 78 | fortunetelleroracle.com | 65 | 47 |
| 79 | xpblogger.com | 13 | 27 |
| 80 | anibookmark.com | 67 | 45 |
| 81 | disdroid.co.uk | 6 | 24 |
| 82 | whitelinks.com | 24 | 31 |
| 83 | simcast.com | 43 | 28 |
| 84 | bookmark2you.com | 1.3 | 21 |
| 85 | socialbookmarkzone.info | 29 | 38 |
| 86 | bidinc.org | 33 | 31 |
| 87 | blogbookmark.com | 16 | 26 |
| 88 | patialahub.com | 29 | 27 |
| 89 | clickone.co.in | 30 | 29 |
| 90 | bookmarksmywebs.com | 33 | 56 |
| 91 | bookmarkgroups.com | 41 | 28 |
| 92 | googlebookmarking.com | 17 | 18 |
| 93 | seosocialnews.info | 14 | 26 |
| 94 | bloggalot.com | 51 | 42 |
| 95 | bookmarksmywebs.com | 33 | 56 |
| 96 | money-central.net | 29 | 31 |
| 97 | mettablog.com | 24 | 32 |
| 98 | updatesee.com | 54 | 39 |
| 99 | listbookmarking.com | 45 | 59 |
| 100 | ewebmarks.com | 36 | 25 |
| 101 | justpep.com | 28 | 28 |
| 102 | aboogy.com | 16 | 25 |
| 103 | moovlink.com | 25 | 32 |
| 104 | tuffsocial.com | 30 | 33 |
| 105 | bookmark.youmobs.com | 44 | 58 |
| 106 | mykith.com | 32 | 35 |
| 107 | xyupload.com | 23 | 21 |
| 108 | spinsnap.com | 18 | 31 |
| 109 | bookmarksclub.com | 46 | 31 |
| 110 | ferventing.com | 13 | 17 |
| 111 | addlikes.com | 6 | 19 |
| 112 | socialbookmarkiseasy.info | 26 | 28 |
| 113 | socialbookmarknow.info | 39 | 29 |
| 114 | bookmarkcart.info | 37 | 25 |
| 115 | livewebmarks.com | 25 | 23 |
| 116 | a1bookmarks.com | 44 | 28 |
| 117 | votetags.info | 31 | 27 |
| 118 | socialmediainuk.com | 58 | 73 |
| 119 | prbookmarks.com | 29 | 28 |
| 120 | a2zbookmarks.com | 39 | 26 |
| 121 | bookmarkmaps.com | 30 | 26 |
| 122 | a2zbookmarking.com | 30 | 26 |
| 123 | newsciti.com | 30 | 28 |
| 124 | oyepin.com | 39 | 31 |
| 125 | mozylinks.com | 26 | 22 |
| 126 | sbookmarking.com | 53 | 55 |
| 127 | tourbr.com | 46 | 31 |
| 128 | indianscoop.net | 7 | 14 |
| 129 | social-key.com | 6 | 17 |
| 130 | juttiesk.info | 6 | 17 |
| 131 | bookmarktheme.com | 37 | 21 |
| 132 | bookmarkcart.com | 38 | 24 |
| 133 | onlinewebmarks.com | 34 | 28 |
| 134 | votetags.com | 36 | 27 |
| 135 | publicbuysell.com | 27 | 22 |
| 136 | bookmarkfollow.com | 38 | 26 |
| 137 | bsocialbookmarking.info | 38 | 27 |
| 138 | tuffclicks.com | 16 | 15 |
| 139 | mysavenshare.com | 14 | 14 |
| 140 | peoplebookmarks.com | 23 | 23 |
| 141 | socbookmarking.com | 25 | 20 |
| 142 | bookmarkwiki.com | 42 | 29 |
| 143 | bookmarkspot.com | 46 | 30 |
| 144 | socialwebmarks.com | 29 | 25 |
| 145 | bookmarks2u.com | 40 | 26 |
| 146 | bookmarkdeal.com | 38 | 18 |
| 147 | seosubmitbookmark.com | 29 | 28 |
| 148 | activebookmarks.com | 41 | 30 |
| 149 | lucidhut.com | 30 | 16 |
| 150 | drikdir.com | 8 | 11 |
| 151 | subbmitt.com | 7 | 16 |
| 152 | bookmarkwebby.com | 1.7 | 20 |
| 153 | bookmarkdiary.com | 39 | 29 |
| 154 | prbookmarking.club | 39 | 26 |
| 155 | linkgeanie.com | 57 | 39 |
| 156 | avader.org | 51 | 33 |
| 157 | rankingtoday-seobookmarking.net | 11 | 14 |
| 158 | linkbooklet.com | 5 | 11 |
| 159 | storybookmarking.com | 13 | 12 |
| 160 | submitportal.com | 22 | 13 |
| 161 | highseoonline.ga | 12 | 12 |
| 162 | vmoptions.cf | 13 | 17 |
| 163 | bookmarkinbox.com | 20 | 19 |
| 164 | bookmarktheme.info | 20 | 18 |
| 165 | timepa.com | 11 | 19 |
| 166 | hotbookmarking.com | 27 | 26 |
| 167 | bookmarkinbox.info | 21 | 13 |
| 168 | bookmarktalk.info | 24 | 19 |
| 169 | highbookmarks.club | 18 | 15 |
| 170 | toplistingsite.com | 33 | 35 |
| 171 | bookmarkinghost.com | 20 | 14 |
| 172 | bookmarkbid.com | 21 | 16 |
| 173 | dozeon.com | 0 | 5 |
| 174 | addthismark.gq | 16 | 15 |
| 175 | seo-hubs.com | 8 | 14 |
| 176 | bookmark4you.online | 51 | 37 |
| 177 | crazish.com | 15 | 22 |
| 178 | livebacklinks.pro | 1 | 7 |
| 179 | backlink.rocks | 0 | 6 |
| 180 | newlinks.work | 0 | 5 |
| 181 | directoryposts.com | 20 | 12 |
| 182 | seolinksubmit.com | 21 | 14 |
| 183 | businessinmyarea.com | 18 | 31 |
| 184 | residop.com | 0 | 7 |
| 185 | samaysawara.in | 27 | 27 |
| 186 | directoryfeeds.com | 19 | 19 |
| 187 | bookmarkset.com | 20 | 15 |
| 188 | worldlinks.vip | 0 | 5 |
| 189 | jobsrail.com | 26 | 9 |
| 190 | craigsdirectory.com | 22 | 10 |
| 191 | directorystock.com | 20 | 8 |
| 192 | linealy.com | 0 | 7 |
| 193 | starclicks.xyz | 0 | 7 |
| 193 | public.bookmax.net | 57 | 44 |
70+ Free High DA Social Bookmarking Sites
| Sr. No. | Website | DA |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | triberr.com | 60 |
| 2 | pitchwall.co | 49 |
| 3 | techspy.com | 42 |
| 4 | sitejot.com | 67 |
| 5 | video-bookmark.com | 52 |
| 6 | finestbookmarks.com | 29 |
| 7 | ukcommunityforum.co.uk | 15 |
| 8 | juttiesk.info | 17 |
| 9 | vimeo.com | 96 |
| 10 | substack.com | 92 |
| 11 | tagged.com | 76 |
| 12 | triller.co | 57 |
| 13 | dotnetkicks.com | 38 |
| 14 | diigo.com | 91 |
| 15 | meetup.com | 91 |
| 16 | disqus.com | 93 |
| 17 | list.ly | 85 |
| 18 | techdirt.com | 82 |
| 19 | wattpad.com | 92 |
| 20 | pusha.se | 49 |
| 21 | patreon.com | 91 |
| 22 | talkofcoppell.com | 12 |
| 23 | refind.com | 53 |
| 24 | netvouz.com | 46 |
| 25 | bandcamp.com | 93 |
| 26 | reverbnation.com | 91 |
| 27 | soundcloud.com | 93 |
| 28 | social-bookmarkingsites.com | 55 |
| 29 | myheritage.com | 78 |
| 30 | discord.com | 94 |
| 31 | flickr.com | 92 |
| 32 | skyrock.com | 36 |
| 33 | instructables.com | 92 |
| 34 | fark.com | 74 |
| 35 | linkatopia.com | 30 |
| 36 | blogmarks.net | 55 |
| 37 | bitly.com | 92 |
| 38 | evernote.com | 92 |
| 39 | feedly.com | 89 |
| 40 | lastpass.com | 90 |
| 41 | trello.com | 92 |
| 42 | metafilter.com | 86 |
| 43 | dzone.com | 83 |
| 44 | bibsonomy.org | 57 |
| 45 | archive.org | 94 |
| 46 | safelinking.net | 50 |
| 47 | mewe.com | 67 |
| 48 | protopage.com | 59 |
| 49 | gab.com | 74 |
| 50 | sitebar.org | 37 |
| 51 | bizsugar.com | 52 |
| 52 | scoop.it | 92 |
| 53 | sonata.ipt.pw | 44 |
| 54 | factories.ipt.pw | 44 |
| 55 | raindrop.io | 59 |
| 56 | zeef.com | 60 |
| 57 | storeboard.com | 64 |
| 58 | dropmark.com | 61 |
| 59 | bubbl.us | 73 |
| 60 | advices.ipt.pw | 44 |
| 61 | pinboard.in | 67 |
| 62 | instapaper.com | 88 |
| 63 | steemit.com | 88 |
| 64 | badoo.com | 84 |
| 65 | classmates.com | 76 |
| 66 | peoplebookmarks.com | 23 |
| 67 | factories.ipt.pw | 44 |
| 68 | answers.ipt.pw | 44 |
| 69 | symbaloo.com | 85 |
| 70 | etoro.com | 78 |
| 71 | graybookmarks.com | 19 |
| 72 | slack.com | 90 |
| 73 | dribbble.com | 92 |
| 74 | giphy.com | 92 |
| 75 | livejournal.com | 59 |
| 76 | deoplr.com | 3 |
| 77 | gaiaonline.com | 78 |
| 78 | contactup.io | 42 |
Step-by-Step Guide for Social Bookmarking Process
Steps to make use of social bookmarking sites. One has to go through a few easy steps. Here’s how you can do it:
- Register on Bookmarking Site – To begin with, create an account with such famous social bookmarking services as Reddit, Diigo or StumbleUpon. An authenticated account saves and shares links, community aids and enhances your online profile.
- Add Title, Description and Link of Webpage- Select a web page or blog link and fill in your description and title clearly. Ensure that you have used SEO keywords to be seen in the search engines.
- Sort Your Bookmark- Make sure to select the appropriate tags and categories to sort your bookmark. This assists the search engines and the users to locate your content easily and enhances the local SEO.
- Submit & Share Link with Community– Once you have added the details, submit your bookmark. Publish it to the community through discussions, liking, or commenting on other posts to boost traffic and interaction.
- Check Traffic and Visits – Lastly, find out how often people visit your site when you have it on your bookmark list. Monitoring is useful to you in knowing what links are the best and enhances your online marketing strategy.
Advanced Social Bookmarking Strategies for SEO
Our tested Real strategies you can implement:
Target Niche-Specific Bookmarking Sites
Instead of just posting on randomsites, look for a high relevant or niche-specific sites.
- Tech content? Use Sites that have tech niche.
- Fashion blog? Try sites like Pinterest.
- Business/Startup content? Post on busines niche type site.
Bonus tip: Create accounts with Relevant Location based type names and relatable bios to increase the authority, trust and engagement rate.
Write Descriptions Like a Experienced person
Don’t just paste the link. Write a short, attractive description using localised keywords.
Example:
“Top 10 Social Bookmarking Sites that have High DA & Actually works! And boost your SEO game with quality SEO backlinks”
Use mix touch of Local language if your audience is local.
Use Tiered Bookmarking
This is an advanced SEO trick. Here’s how it works:
- Tier 1: Post your website/blog URL to high DA bookmarking sites.
- Tier 2: Bookmark the Tier 1 links on other bookmarking platforms.
This creates a chain type structure and boosts your link juice.
Focus On Timing
Post on the time where your audience most active. You can schedule your bookmarking so that you can get more views, shares, and engagement.
Mix Do-Follow and No-Follow Links
Use a mix of sites to build natural-looking link profiles so that Google can not catch you!
Track & Try New Test Always
Use Tools like Google Analytics and the master Search Console to track performance:
- Referral traffic from bookmarking sites.
- Crawl rate improvement.
- Ranking changes.
In the end we suggest you to analyse what’s working and refine your strategy monthly.
Common Mistakes to Avoid While Using Social Bookmarking Sites
Although social bookmarking sites are excellent in improving SEO and web traffic, mistakes made can diminish its effectiveness. The following are the most frequent mistakes that you should avoid:
- Over Posting (Spamming) – Excessive posting of links within a short time may be regarded as spamming. It can reduce your credibility and limit your account. Concentrate on quality and not quantity.
- Adding Irrelevant or Misleading Tags– Adding irrelevant or misleading tags can lead to confusion of your content and limit the reach of your content. Make good tags and categories to facilitate finding your content by your audience and the search engine.
- Neglecting Engagement with Other Users – Visibility is minimized through just posting links without engaging with other users. Interact, like, comment and share to generate trust and traffic.
- Poor-Quality Content Sharing- Low-quality or old content may damage your brand. Always post informative, helpful, and new content to reach the right audience.
- Not Tracking Analytics- Tracking will not tell you what is working without you monitoring traffic and engagement. To enhance social bookmarking strategy, use analytics to monitor clicks, sharing and user interactions.
Conclusion
Social bookmarking sites are not simply online tools but an effective means of increasing visibility of your website, SEO and digital marketing. You can share and save your web pages in reliable bookmarking sites to reach more people, local traffic and better search engine placement.
Most companies and bloggers dismiss the importance of social bookmarking, but using it correctly can lead to higher traffic on your site. A stronger brand voice, and your work being found by the appropriate readers. Consultation with the community, relevant tagging, and quality content will make sure that your activities are successful.
It is high time to consider social bookmarking as part of your marketing plan to grow your business or blog online. Begin now, continue, and observe how social bookmarking sites may contribute to enhancing local search, online visibility, and general online exposure. And do not pass over this easy but effective tool to make your web site known and seen by the right people.
FAQs
What is Social Bookmarking?
Social bookmarking is the practice of saving, organizing, and sharing your favorite web pages on online platforms, so others can discover and access them.
How do Social Bookmarking Sites help in SEO?
They generate backlinks to your website, improve visibility, drive referral traffic, and signal search engines about your site’s authority and relevance.
Are Social Bookmarking Websites free to use?
Most social bookmarking sites offer free registration and bookmarking services, though some may offer premium features for enhanced visibility.
Can Social Bookmarking improve Website Traffic?
Yes! By sharing your content on these platforms, you can attract users who are interested in your niche, boosting both traffic and engagement.
Which Types of Content can be Shared on Social Bookmarking Sites?
You can share blog posts, articles, videos, infographics, tutorials, product pages, and almost any web content that adds value.


